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[Music]

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foreign

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[Music]

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on Christmas Eve in 2021 NASA's Insight

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Lander received a gift of sorts a new

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discovery Insight recorded a significant

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Mars Quake that's what we call Quakes on

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Mars but scientists learned only later

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the cause of that shaking because the

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Mars reconnaissance Orbiter also known

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as mro was able to see from space what

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the Lander detected I'm Raquel

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Villanueva and I'm your host today here

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at NASA's jet propulsion laboratory in

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Southern California

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today's science team members from the

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Insight Lander and mro Mission will

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explain how data and images from their

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spacecraft contributed to the Discovery

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joining us virtually are Bruce bannert

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Insight principal investigator at NASA's

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jet propulsion Laboratory

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Lilia posiolova orbital science and

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operations lead at malen space science

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systems

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Ingrid dalbar Insight impact science

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lead at Brown University

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and Lori glaze director of NASA's

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planetary science division from NASA

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headquarters

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we'll be taking questions after hearing

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from our speakers so if you're a member

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of the media on the phone lines press

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star one to be put in the queue and if

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you're on social media use the hashtag

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asknasa

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I'll now hand it over to Bruce

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hi everyone I'm Bruce Banner I'm the

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principal investigator of the Insight

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Mission I'm speaking to you here today

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from Lockheed Martin space where the

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spacecraft operations centers is located

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insight has been on the surface of Mars

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since November of 2018

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listening with its seismometer on

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various other instruments weather

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instruments and so forth to what the

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goings on on Mars and we're here today

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to talk about some a new discovery that

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we're really excited about in terms of

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the the first time that uh impact's

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actually been

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observed as it happened by a seismometer

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and then observed also from from space

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by the orbital cameras before we get

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into that though I'd like to tell you a

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little bit about the uh spacecraft

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status on Mars can we have the first

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image please

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um as you probably know as insight's

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been sitting on the surface of Mars for

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the last four years it's been collecting

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a lot of dust on on its solar panels

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This is a picture of the solar panels uh

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a couple of months ago and you can see

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that it's really really dusty and that's

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cut down our solar power and we've been

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uh sort of cutting back on the

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operations of the the spacecraft as as

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that's happened in order to squeeze out

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as much science state as we can about a

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month ago we got a an additional

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challenge to the spacecraft if I could

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have the next image

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uh this is a a global Mosaic of Mars it

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was taken over the course of a day and

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it shows a large dust storm in the

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southern hemisphere that started kicking

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up about a month ago if you go to the

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next image we can see the dust storm uh

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shown in uh the orange so you can see

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where it is fortunately that Death Storm

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did not move over inside itself

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um Insight is over on the right side of

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this image one of those little spots on

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the right side of the image and so that

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was really fortunate because if it had

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passed over the spacecraft it would have

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darkened the solar panels and we

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probably would have lost the spacecraft

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um but unfortunately since this is such

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a large dust storm it's actually put a

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lot of dust up into the atmosphere and

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it has cut down the amount of sunlight

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reaching the solar panels by quite a bit

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we went down we went from about 400 watt

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hours per Sol which is the the units

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that we measure the spacecraft power in

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down to less than 300

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um and we were we had to cut shops

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seismometer for a few weeks we are now

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operating the seismometer again uh only

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one day out of four at this point to uh

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conserve our power but even in that at

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that uh of relatively small amount of of

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use of the batteries are still slowly

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being depleted and so what we believe is

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in the next uh short amount of time

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perhaps somewhere between four and eight

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weeks as best we can can predict we

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expect the Lander to not have enough

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power to operate any longer and will

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lose contact with the spacecraft

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so that's uh uh a sad thing to to to

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contemplate but insight has been working

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marvelously for the last four years

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we've gone well beyond uh the intended

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lifetime of this of the uh the mission

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which was two years we've been

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collecting data and even now as we're

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we're winding down we're still getting

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these these amazing new results

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um if I can have the the next animation

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this is uh oh this is a an image showing

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that the the relative locations of the

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Insight Lander over on the left hand

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side of the image and this impact that

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uh cause a crater that we were able to

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pick up with our seismometer and that

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was later imaged um with the Mars

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reconnaissance Orbiter

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um we I can show you uh the the seismic

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data and actually you can hear the

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seismic data what we've done here is we

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speeded up the vibrations that we

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measured with a seismometer up into the

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the range that we can actually hear with

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the human ear so we fed it up about a

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hundred times if you were actually on

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Mars you would feel the shaking but you

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wouldn't be able to hear it but this way

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we can actually you know transmit it

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over the internet and you can you can

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experience it this is about 45 minutes

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of of seismic data and you'll be able to

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hear it in a little less than half a

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minute so if we can go ahead and roll

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that animation now you can listen

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closely to the sounds of Mars

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foreign

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[Music]

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bulge and you can see in the image was

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the P wave coming in the first wave that

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comes from the from any seismic seismic

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event and then the big bulbs there is

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the S Wave and then buried in that is

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actually the surface wave which is uh

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one of the the real interesting findings

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from this uh this this new event and

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we'll be talking about that a little bit

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more later

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um so with that I'd like to hand it over

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to Lilia pulsilova to talk about how

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this uh this really interesting

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hello everybody my name is Lilia

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postalova

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and I work at mail and space science

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systems we design build and operate

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cameras on spacecraft may I have my

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first image please

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I oversee operations of CTX context and

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Marcy Mars color imager on board of mro

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Mars Wisconsin's Orbiter spacecraft

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in December of last year a neat heroids

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struck Mars and created the largest

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fresh impact crater we have observed in

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16 years of mro mission

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may I have my next image please

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when we first saw this image we were

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extremely excited this is was nothing

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like we've seen before it took entire

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view of the CTX image it's a 30

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kilometers width and even we needed to

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take two more images to this on the

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sides to capture the entire perturbance

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area we do see regularly small craters

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with City in our CTX field of view and

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how does it do how do we do it we

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acquire CTX images based on our various

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scientific objectives and we inspect

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them for any changes and typically what

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we see it will be like a little smudge

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and then we compare to all the available

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previously data sets to confirm that it

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is fresh or not fresh crater and

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typically they own the size of up to 20

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feet small craters and time constrained

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we can do few years maybe occasionally

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the perturbance that this impactor

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created was so large then we thought

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maybe we could see it in our other

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camera view it's our may I have my next

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image please it's our lower resolution

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weather camera but it takes daily Global

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images of Mars on the right you see

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feature that created by this impactor

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and to see that strong of a signal in

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that camera view it's huge very rare we

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were able to time constrain this impact

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down to about a day slightly over 24

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hours

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and then I recall that Insight reported

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back in December that they recorded this

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large seismic event on Christmas Eve

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when we compare seismic epicenter with

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location that we've been pointed from

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the orbit and the time we were able to

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match this large seismic event to our

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large impact crater

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this is by far the largest jointly

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observed crater recorded seismically and

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observed from the the image from the

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orbit may I have my next slide please

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as ball light travel through the Mars

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atmosphere it creates a mock cone and as

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a result of it you see dust perturb on

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the left of the crater a lot happens as

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the meteoroid strikes Mars Rock gets

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fractured there is atmospheric blast

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ejecta gets thrown out crater gets

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excavated in effect of the dynamic oil

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that preserved in the Martian surface

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and we captured it in our CTX image we

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see the crater itself at about 150 meter

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in diameter we see bright patches of ice

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this is most equator word eyes we've

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seen on Mars

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the ability to tell what happened when

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and what activity occurred along with

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the largest impact crater

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of two huge Discovery and demonstrates

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the value increased value that joint

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work of two Mission brings and I will

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turn to Ingrid to look at more details

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of the impact itself

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thanks Lilia my name is Ingrid doubar

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I'm on the team for the high-rise camera

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which is another camera orbiting Mars on

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mro I can have the first visual please

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jerez is a high resolution color stereo

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camera that lets us see things as small

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as a desk on Mars

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I also help lead the impacts working

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group on the Insight mission

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high-rise and CTX have been showing us

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new creators as Lilia said forming on

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Mars for a while now so we were hopeful

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we could detect some of these with the

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Insight mission

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we want to study impacts with Insight

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because they can tell us not just about

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the craters themselves and the cratering

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process but also about the interior and

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the atmosphere of Mars

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sources with a known location in size

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can help calibrate all of the other data

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we've gotten from Insight all those

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Quakes where we don't know the exact

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epicenter

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after three years of listening we

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thought impacts probably have to be

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either very close to the Lander or very

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large to be detected seismically

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we recently found four small impacts

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close to Insight but we never thought

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we'd see anything this big

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00:14:40,129 --> 00:14:38,100
so we were super excited to hear about

278
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this discovery by Lilia and her team and

279
00:14:42,889 --> 00:14:41,399
have the chance to study it in more

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detail with high-rise

281
00:14:47,090 --> 00:14:45,720
can I have the next image please

282
00:14:48,470 --> 00:14:47,100
from this high-rise image it was

283
00:14:50,629 --> 00:14:48,480
immediately clear that this is the

284
00:14:52,550 --> 00:14:50,639
biggest new crater we'd ever seen it's

285
00:14:54,230 --> 00:14:52,560
about 500 feet wide or about two city

286
00:14:56,030 --> 00:14:54,240
blocks across

287
00:14:57,530 --> 00:14:56,040
and even though meteorites are hitting

288
00:14:59,090 --> 00:14:57,540
the planet all the time this crater is

289
00:15:00,710 --> 00:14:59,100
more than 10 times larger than the

290
00:15:03,050 --> 00:15:00,720
typical new craters we see forming on

291
00:15:04,910 --> 00:15:03,060
Mars we thought a crater this size might

292
00:15:07,310 --> 00:15:04,920
form somewhere on the planet once every

293
00:15:08,750 --> 00:15:07,320
few decades maybe once a generation so

294
00:15:10,490 --> 00:15:08,760
it was very exciting to be able to

295
00:15:12,889 --> 00:15:10,500
witness this event and to be lucky

296
00:15:14,810 --> 00:15:12,899
enough to it happened while Insight was

297
00:15:16,970 --> 00:15:14,820
recording seismic data that was a real

298
00:15:18,710 --> 00:15:16,980
scientific gift

299
00:15:20,810 --> 00:15:18,720
for comparison the Mars Quake this

300
00:15:22,490 --> 00:15:20,820
crater caused was a magnitude for Quake

301
00:15:24,110 --> 00:15:22,500
which on Earth is big enough to be felt

302
00:15:26,509 --> 00:15:24,120
but not big enough to cause a ton of

303
00:15:28,310 --> 00:15:26,519
damage about a thousand or so Quakes of

304
00:15:30,590 --> 00:15:28,320
this size happen on the Earth every year

305
00:15:33,110 --> 00:15:30,600
but Mars is less tectonically active

306
00:15:34,910 --> 00:15:33,120
than the than the earth so for Mars This

307
00:15:37,550 --> 00:15:34,920
was a pretty big one

308
00:15:40,069 --> 00:15:37,560
can I have the video please

309
00:15:41,810 --> 00:15:40,079
most exciting of all we saw clearly in

310
00:15:43,670 --> 00:15:41,820
the high resolution images that a whole

311
00:15:44,750 --> 00:15:43,680
lot of water ice had been exposed by

312
00:15:47,210 --> 00:15:44,760
this impact

313
00:15:49,970 --> 00:15:47,220
you can see in this flyover video of the

314
00:15:51,949 --> 00:15:49,980
3D data Boulder sized chunks of ice in

315
00:15:53,569 --> 00:15:51,959
the crater's ejecta as well as splotches

316
00:15:55,069 --> 00:15:53,579
of ice thrown across the landscape

317
00:15:56,810 --> 00:15:55,079
outside the crater

318
00:15:58,730 --> 00:15:56,820
this was surprising because this is the

319
00:16:00,949 --> 00:15:58,740
warmest spot on Mars the closest to the

320
00:16:02,629 --> 00:16:00,959
equator we've ever seen Water Ice

321
00:16:04,490 --> 00:16:02,639
so scientists are going to be able to

322
00:16:06,949 --> 00:16:04,500
use this to constrain the past climate

323
00:16:09,470 --> 00:16:06,959
conditions on Mars when and how this ice

324
00:16:10,670 --> 00:16:09,480
was deposited buried and preserved up

325
00:16:12,769 --> 00:16:10,680
until now

326
00:16:14,449 --> 00:16:12,779
this is a huge opportunity to study a

327
00:16:16,610 --> 00:16:14,459
really large impact event from both the

328
00:16:17,930 --> 00:16:16,620
orbit and the ground a reminder of how

329
00:16:19,670 --> 00:16:17,940
privileged we are to have multiple

330
00:16:21,710 --> 00:16:19,680
missions studying Mars at the same time

331
00:16:23,150 --> 00:16:21,720
it's been really exciting and fruitful

332
00:16:25,009 --> 00:16:23,160
to be part of these two projects working

333
00:16:27,050 --> 00:16:25,019
together and now I'll hand it over to

334
00:16:29,329 --> 00:16:27,060
Lori glaze

335
00:16:32,090 --> 00:16:29,339
thank you so much Ingrid

336
00:16:34,310 --> 00:16:32,100
uh so Insight what an amazingly

337
00:16:37,249 --> 00:16:34,320
successful mission where we've learned

338
00:16:38,829 --> 00:16:37,259
so much about Mars's crust the interior

339
00:16:41,810 --> 00:16:38,839
and more

340
00:16:43,970 --> 00:16:41,820
as you heard from Bruce sadly we're

341
00:16:46,730 --> 00:16:43,980
likely nearing the end of the Insight

342
00:16:48,710 --> 00:16:46,740
Mission but what an awesome Capstone

343
00:16:51,410 --> 00:16:48,720
science result to end on I mean

344
00:16:53,030 --> 00:16:51,420
literally going out with a bang

345
00:16:55,370 --> 00:16:53,040
uh you know the observation of the

346
00:16:57,470 --> 00:16:55,380
December 24 impact uh by the insight

347
00:17:00,530 --> 00:16:57,480
seismometer as well as the orbital

348
00:17:02,569 --> 00:17:00,540
Imaging is really exciting not just for

349
00:17:04,189 --> 00:17:02,579
Gathering important new information that

350
00:17:06,590 --> 00:17:04,199
will refine our understanding of the

351
00:17:08,689 --> 00:17:06,600
crustal structure but for other really

352
00:17:10,429 --> 00:17:08,699
important science as well

353
00:17:12,049 --> 00:17:10,439
as you heard it's the largest impact

354
00:17:14,270 --> 00:17:12,059
crater seen on Mars since we've been

355
00:17:16,130 --> 00:17:14,280
observing and watching

356
00:17:17,510 --> 00:17:16,140
um you know asteroids are found

357
00:17:18,949 --> 00:17:17,520
throughout the solar system and they

358
00:17:21,350 --> 00:17:18,959
play a really important role in

359
00:17:22,429 --> 00:17:21,360
planetary surface processes so these

360
00:17:25,010 --> 00:17:22,439
observations are going to help

361
00:17:27,049 --> 00:17:25,020
contribute to to that knowledge

362
00:17:29,270 --> 00:17:27,059
to give a little context on this

363
00:17:31,310 --> 00:17:29,280
particular asteroid the expected size

364
00:17:32,990 --> 00:17:31,320
range of the object that created the

365
00:17:35,210 --> 00:17:33,000
Creator the crater

366
00:17:37,370 --> 00:17:35,220
I was likely between about 5 and 12

367
00:17:39,289 --> 00:17:37,380
meters across and you know asteroids of

368
00:17:41,750 --> 00:17:39,299
that size actually enter Earth's

369
00:17:43,789 --> 00:17:41,760
atmosphere on the order about once a

370
00:17:46,669 --> 00:17:43,799
year we see those real pretty regularly

371
00:17:48,890 --> 00:17:46,679
but because Earth has a thicker

372
00:17:52,070 --> 00:17:48,900
atmosphere asteroids of this size burn

373
00:17:55,549 --> 00:17:52,080
up and are generally pretty harmless

374
00:17:57,350 --> 00:17:55,559
if I could have the first graphic please

375
00:17:59,570 --> 00:17:57,360
just want to speak for a moment about

376
00:18:02,450 --> 00:17:59,580
the importance of the discovery of ice

377
00:18:05,330 --> 00:18:02,460
you know just below the surface this is

378
00:18:06,710 --> 00:18:05,340
really an exciting result we know of

379
00:18:09,950 --> 00:18:06,720
course that there's water ice near the

380
00:18:12,650 --> 00:18:09,960
poles on Mars but in planning for future

381
00:18:14,270 --> 00:18:12,660
human exploration of Mars we'd want to

382
00:18:17,090 --> 00:18:14,280
land the astronauts as near to the

383
00:18:20,150 --> 00:18:17,100
equator as possible and having access to

384
00:18:21,950 --> 00:18:20,160
ice these lower latitudes that that

385
00:18:24,529 --> 00:18:21,960
water that ice could be converted into

386
00:18:26,570 --> 00:18:24,539
water oxygen or hydrogen that could be

387
00:18:28,010 --> 00:18:26,580
really useful

388
00:18:30,289 --> 00:18:28,020
um if I could have the second graphic

389
00:18:34,370 --> 00:18:32,930
so let's just go back to where Bruce

390
00:18:35,750 --> 00:18:34,380
started

391
00:18:38,450 --> 00:18:35,760
um you've heard that the power

392
00:18:40,070 --> 00:18:38,460
production on insight has been dropping

393
00:18:42,650 --> 00:18:40,080
um at the mission will likely end

394
00:18:44,870 --> 00:18:42,660
sometime in the coming you know four to

395
00:18:48,289 --> 00:18:44,880
eight weeks in the next couple of months

396
00:18:50,450 --> 00:18:48,299
this Mission has been a really big

397
00:18:53,029 --> 00:18:50,460
success in the four years it's been

398
00:18:56,630 --> 00:18:53,039
operating I want to take a moment to

399
00:18:57,909 --> 00:18:56,640
acknowledge this incredible team that

400
00:19:00,950 --> 00:18:57,919
has met

401
00:19:03,409 --> 00:19:00,960
many challenges along the way they've

402
00:19:05,450 --> 00:19:03,419
met the challenges of the soil of Mars

403
00:19:07,070 --> 00:19:05,460
not cooperating and the challenges of

404
00:19:10,490 --> 00:19:07,080
trying to deploy the mole with the heat

405
00:19:13,010 --> 00:19:10,500
probe challenges of waiting waiting for

406
00:19:15,230 --> 00:19:13,020
those Quakes those first Quakes and

407
00:19:17,210 --> 00:19:15,240
waiting for the data to to really start

408
00:19:18,890 --> 00:19:17,220
delivering what we were looking for and

409
00:19:21,470 --> 00:19:18,900
of course the dust accumulation and the

410
00:19:23,630 --> 00:19:21,480
Valiant attempts by the team to extend

411
00:19:25,970 --> 00:19:23,640
the lifetime of the mission by cleaning

412
00:19:27,950 --> 00:19:25,980
some of that dust off the solar erase

413
00:19:29,750 --> 00:19:27,960
I've known Bruce and several of the

414
00:19:32,930 --> 00:19:29,760
science team members for for many many

415
00:19:37,130 --> 00:19:32,940
years and I know how much emotional

416
00:19:40,310 --> 00:19:37,140
energy goes into those years of planning

417
00:19:42,890 --> 00:19:40,320
and execution of a mission like insight

418
00:19:45,230 --> 00:19:42,900
and I know it's going to be hard for the

419
00:19:46,850 --> 00:19:45,240
team and for all of us to say goodbye

420
00:19:48,590 --> 00:19:46,860
but I just want to say I couldn't be

421
00:19:49,909 --> 00:19:48,600
prouder of all this team has

422
00:19:52,310 --> 00:19:49,919
accomplished

423
00:19:54,529 --> 00:19:52,320
I want to close by saying thank you to

424
00:19:56,690 --> 00:19:54,539
Bruce and the entire team for all

425
00:19:58,850 --> 00:19:56,700
they've done to advance our under sorry

426
00:20:01,310 --> 00:19:58,860
our understanding of Mars and with that

427
00:20:04,370 --> 00:20:01,320
we'll go back to Raquel great thank you

428
00:20:06,770 --> 00:20:04,380
so much Lori now we'll move it on to q a

429
00:20:09,230 --> 00:20:06,780
so if you're a member of the media on

430
00:20:11,390 --> 00:20:09,240
the phone lines you can press star one

431
00:20:14,450 --> 00:20:11,400
to get put in the queue and for social

432
00:20:15,830 --> 00:20:14,460
media you can use the hashtag asknasa

433
00:20:18,230 --> 00:20:15,840
and we do have some social media

434
00:20:21,470 --> 00:20:18,240
questions coming in first off Mrs

435
00:20:23,690 --> 00:20:21,480
whiskers1 on Twitter asks has there been

436
00:20:25,610 --> 00:20:23,700
anything that surprised you and Bruce I

437
00:20:29,630 --> 00:20:25,620
think she is talking about

438
00:20:32,510 --> 00:20:30,950
um well there's been a lot of things

439
00:20:34,010 --> 00:20:32,520
that surprised us actually it would have

440
00:20:36,470 --> 00:20:34,020
been a pretty boring Mission if we

441
00:20:39,529 --> 00:20:36,480
didn't get surprised we were surprised

442
00:20:41,630 --> 00:20:39,539
at first by how quiet Mars seemed to be

443
00:20:43,669 --> 00:20:41,640
in terms of of seismic activity it was

444
00:20:46,250 --> 00:20:43,679
three months before we actually even saw

445
00:20:47,870 --> 00:20:46,260
an earthquake and that was uh my

446
00:20:49,970 --> 00:20:47,880
fingernails were getting pretty short by

447
00:20:51,950 --> 00:20:49,980
the end of those three months because we

448
00:20:52,970 --> 00:20:51,960
were really depending on getting Mars

449
00:20:55,010 --> 00:20:52,980
Quakes

450
00:20:57,169 --> 00:20:55,020
um once we got that started getting Mars

451
00:21:00,409 --> 00:20:57,179
Quakes we realized that what we've done

452
00:21:02,270 --> 00:21:00,419
is we've landed in the um windy part of

453
00:21:04,070 --> 00:21:02,280
the year and so all the Mars Place were

454
00:21:06,770 --> 00:21:04,080
getting covered up by the wind and so

455
00:21:09,830 --> 00:21:06,780
that was that was a big relief

456
00:21:11,870 --> 00:21:09,840
um the next big surprise was the the

457
00:21:14,750 --> 00:21:11,880
issues with the mole uh we were

458
00:21:17,390 --> 00:21:14,760
surprised by the the properties of the

459
00:21:19,190 --> 00:21:17,400
the Martian soil it was unlike the the

460
00:21:21,169 --> 00:21:19,200
properties of the soil that we had seen

461
00:21:24,890 --> 00:21:21,179
previously at the Viking Landing sites

462
00:21:27,409 --> 00:21:24,900
at Spirit and opportunity and curiosity

463
00:21:28,730 --> 00:21:27,419
um Insight landed in a in a spot where

464
00:21:31,850 --> 00:21:28,740
the soil was a little bit different than

465
00:21:33,950 --> 00:21:31,860
what we expected and uh that made it

466
00:21:36,830 --> 00:21:33,960
impossible for our mole to to penetrate

467
00:21:38,870 --> 00:21:36,840
so that was uh an unpleasant surprise

468
00:21:40,370 --> 00:21:38,880
but scientifically it was actually uh

469
00:21:42,830 --> 00:21:40,380
very interesting because that showed

470
00:21:44,450 --> 00:21:42,840
that Mars was a lot more varied than we

471
00:21:46,789 --> 00:21:44,460
had thought before

472
00:21:47,649 --> 00:21:46,799
um and finally some of the the some of

473
00:21:56,510 --> 00:21:47,659
the

474
00:21:58,549 --> 00:21:56,520
larger than we had imagined we thought

475
00:22:00,770 --> 00:21:58,559
it was going to be about 1700 kilometers

476
00:22:05,210 --> 00:22:00,780
or so and was actually over 1800

477
00:22:07,669 --> 00:22:05,220
kilometers in in in radius and that has

478
00:22:10,190 --> 00:22:07,679
some really important implications for

479
00:22:11,690 --> 00:22:10,200
the evolution of of the planet Mars

480
00:22:12,950 --> 00:22:11,700
itself and so

481
00:22:14,810 --> 00:22:12,960
um that's a big surprise one that we

482
00:22:17,870 --> 00:22:14,820
haven't actually been able to to uh

483
00:22:20,390 --> 00:22:17,880
incorporate into our theories yet and so

484
00:22:22,669 --> 00:22:20,400
um this uh this impact was sort of the

485
00:22:23,990 --> 00:22:22,679
latest in in in a long series of

486
00:22:25,250 --> 00:22:24,000
surprises that we've had over the

487
00:22:27,770 --> 00:22:25,260
mission

488
00:22:30,230 --> 00:22:27,780
thanks you summed it up well Mars is

489
00:22:32,210 --> 00:22:30,240
full of surprises thank you Bruce now we

490
00:22:33,770 --> 00:22:32,220
do have a caller on the line and if you

491
00:22:36,110 --> 00:22:33,780
could please direct your question to one

492
00:22:39,049 --> 00:22:36,120
of the speakers we have Megan Bartels

493
00:22:41,390 --> 00:22:39,059
from space.com

494
00:22:43,789 --> 00:22:41,400
hey there can you hear me okay yes we

495
00:22:46,010 --> 00:22:43,799
can perfect

496
00:22:48,110 --> 00:22:46,020
um thanks for taking my question

497
00:22:50,930 --> 00:22:48,120
um I was hoping Bruce if you could go

498
00:22:53,270 --> 00:22:50,940
into a little more detail about the

499
00:22:55,190 --> 00:22:53,280
significance of detecting surface waves

500
00:22:57,049 --> 00:22:55,200
for the first time and then sort of how

501
00:22:59,289 --> 00:22:57,059
to use that information to better

502
00:23:01,909 --> 00:22:59,299
understand the crust

503
00:23:03,710 --> 00:23:01,919
yeah I would I would love to do that I

504
00:23:05,930 --> 00:23:03,720
mean this is uh the surface waves were

505
00:23:09,830 --> 00:23:05,940
something that we had uh anticipated

506
00:23:12,830 --> 00:23:09,840
using uh in in our data analysis uh from

507
00:23:14,390 --> 00:23:12,840
the very beginning of our planning uh we

508
00:23:17,510 --> 00:23:14,400
uh thought we were going to use surface

509
00:23:20,090 --> 00:23:17,520
wave to to locate Quakes use the surface

510
00:23:22,909 --> 00:23:20,100
waves to to probe the structure of the

511
00:23:25,430 --> 00:23:22,919
the crust the upper a few tens of

512
00:23:27,710 --> 00:23:25,440
kilometers of the planet but for the

513
00:23:30,110 --> 00:23:27,720
first three years of the mission we saw

514
00:23:31,909 --> 00:23:30,120
no surface waves and we believe that

515
00:23:32,990 --> 00:23:31,919
that's because the Mars Quakes are a

516
00:23:35,390 --> 00:23:33,000
little bit deeper than we had

517
00:23:37,730 --> 00:23:35,400
anticipated and so the surface waves

518
00:23:40,190 --> 00:23:37,740
aren't really developed uh large enough

519
00:23:43,130 --> 00:23:40,200
to be able to uh to detect with with our

520
00:23:45,169 --> 00:23:43,140
seismometer so now that we do have

521
00:23:47,149 --> 00:23:45,179
surface waves um it's already telling us

522
00:23:49,250 --> 00:23:47,159
a lot of really interesting stuff about

523
00:23:51,529 --> 00:23:49,260
Mars uh the nice thing about surface

524
00:23:54,110 --> 00:23:51,539
waves is they tell you about the crust

525
00:23:56,870 --> 00:23:54,120
not just where the Lander is sitting but

526
00:23:58,669 --> 00:23:56,880
they they look at the crust as they're

527
00:24:01,970 --> 00:23:58,679
moving across the planet so the whole

528
00:24:05,630 --> 00:24:01,980
path between the event in this case the

529
00:24:07,250 --> 00:24:05,640
the impact and insight is sampled by

530
00:24:09,289 --> 00:24:07,260
these surface waves as they move across

531
00:24:12,230 --> 00:24:09,299
the planet and so we have an idea of

532
00:24:14,930 --> 00:24:12,240
what the crust is over this uh fairly

533
00:24:17,149 --> 00:24:14,940
long path it's about uh 3 500 kilometers

534
00:24:20,270 --> 00:24:17,159
for for one of these uh one of these

535
00:24:22,490 --> 00:24:20,280
events in almost uh 7 500 kilometers for

536
00:24:25,010 --> 00:24:22,500
the other one and we find that the crust

537
00:24:27,289 --> 00:24:25,020
is different again the Insight Landing

538
00:24:30,110 --> 00:24:27,299
site is a little bit unusual or at least

539
00:24:32,630 --> 00:24:30,120
different than the uh pathway that this

540
00:24:36,289 --> 00:24:32,640
these search slaves took and so we found

541
00:24:39,110 --> 00:24:36,299
that the crust under insight has uh

542
00:24:41,510 --> 00:24:39,120
layer about 10 kilometers deep that is a

543
00:24:43,549 --> 00:24:41,520
little bit lower velocity lower density

544
00:24:45,529 --> 00:24:43,559
than what's indicated by the surface

545
00:24:47,570 --> 00:24:45,539
waves so surface waves are telling us

546
00:24:51,710 --> 00:24:47,580
about the crust not just at our one

547
00:24:54,110 --> 00:24:51,720
point but over a wide area on Mars the

548
00:24:57,590 --> 00:24:54,120
other thing that uh that is is great

549
00:25:00,409 --> 00:24:57,600
about the surface ways is that they help

550
00:25:03,470 --> 00:25:00,419
us to refine our location refine our

551
00:25:06,110 --> 00:25:03,480
seismically determined location and we

552
00:25:08,090 --> 00:25:06,120
find that by incorporating that with the

553
00:25:11,750 --> 00:25:08,100
The Body Waves the p and the S waves

554
00:25:14,270 --> 00:25:11,760
that helps us again to to uh zero in on

555
00:25:19,909 --> 00:25:14,280
the location which the uh which in which

556
00:25:23,270 --> 00:25:21,830
and so Bruce now remember if you're a

557
00:25:25,310 --> 00:25:23,280
member of the media on the phone lines

558
00:25:27,850 --> 00:25:25,320
you can press star one to get put in the

559
00:25:30,169 --> 00:25:27,860
queue and social media use the hashtag

560
00:25:32,990 --> 00:25:30,179
asknasa and we do have some more social

561
00:25:37,310 --> 00:25:33,000
media questions coming in we have Andrew

562
00:25:40,850 --> 00:25:37,320
on Facebook who asks how often do you

563
00:25:45,110 --> 00:25:40,860
discover a new impact crater uh Lilia

564
00:25:50,570 --> 00:25:47,690
sure I can take that

565
00:25:52,850 --> 00:25:50,580
um so cgxm has been looking for these

566
00:25:54,590 --> 00:25:52,860
ever since mro went into orbit about 16

567
00:25:57,169 --> 00:25:54,600
years ago

568
00:25:59,810 --> 00:25:57,179
um and the um Lily can tell you more

569
00:26:03,049 --> 00:25:59,820
about the CTX process to find them but

570
00:26:04,430 --> 00:26:03,059
um since then we found about 1200 new

571
00:26:06,110 --> 00:26:04,440
impacts

572
00:26:07,970 --> 00:26:06,120
um sometimes there's a couple craters

573
00:26:09,529 --> 00:26:07,980
there sometimes there's just one but

574
00:26:12,350 --> 00:26:09,539
again they're much much smaller than

575
00:26:18,529 --> 00:26:15,529
yeah thank you for the question so

576
00:26:21,830 --> 00:26:18,539
um yeah indeed we are relatively

577
00:26:24,649 --> 00:26:21,840
regularly do find them but again they

578
00:26:26,870 --> 00:26:24,659
are much much smaller and they on our

579
00:26:29,630 --> 00:26:26,880
CTX field of view they look like a

580
00:26:31,909 --> 00:26:29,640
little smudger so when we compare to all

581
00:26:34,370 --> 00:26:31,919
the previous data sets we're looking for

582
00:26:36,409 --> 00:26:34,380
that change and sometimes we see what my

583
00:26:37,870 --> 00:26:36,419
deal looks like a fresh grader but then

584
00:26:40,490 --> 00:26:37,880
if we

585
00:26:42,230 --> 00:26:40,500
look at all the previous data sets and

586
00:26:44,269 --> 00:26:42,240
we find that say previous image was

587
00:26:47,029 --> 00:26:44,279
taken three years ago oh it's still

588
00:26:49,070 --> 00:26:47,039
there and then five years ago and if

589
00:26:52,310 --> 00:26:49,080
that's all the previous images we have

590
00:26:55,610 --> 00:26:52,320
we can call them a fresh crater

591
00:27:01,610 --> 00:26:55,620
but yeah we we find that many first

592
00:27:07,610 --> 00:27:04,310
and we have another caller caller line

593
00:27:09,830 --> 00:27:07,620
Mark Caro from Aviation week and space

594
00:27:12,110 --> 00:27:09,840
technology

595
00:27:14,390 --> 00:27:12,120
thank you and I apologize if you already

596
00:27:16,970 --> 00:27:14,400
answered this but what was the distance

597
00:27:21,110 --> 00:27:16,980
or what is the distance between insight

598
00:27:27,430 --> 00:27:23,750
that's about uh so the uh yeah thanks

599
00:27:31,010 --> 00:27:27,440
for your question it's about 3500

600
00:27:37,789 --> 00:27:31,020
kilometers between there where inside is

601
00:27:46,669 --> 00:27:40,669
thank you Mark and also on the line we

602
00:27:50,990 --> 00:27:49,070
for doing this very exciting results and

603
00:27:53,149 --> 00:27:51,000
thanks for taking my question I want to

604
00:27:54,710 --> 00:27:53,159
ask you about uh about the ice that you

605
00:27:57,769 --> 00:27:54,720
found

606
00:27:59,510 --> 00:27:57,779
um I'd like to know how surprising was

607
00:28:03,289 --> 00:27:59,520
it to find ice at that particular

608
00:28:05,330 --> 00:28:03,299
location how how long did it remain on

609
00:28:08,149 --> 00:28:05,340
the surface because I know ice no

610
00:28:10,190 --> 00:28:08,159
evaporates pretty rapidly there and I'm

611
00:28:11,870 --> 00:28:10,200
wondering you have radar instruments

612
00:28:13,789 --> 00:28:11,880
there too what what are the radar

613
00:28:18,350 --> 00:28:13,799
instruments tell you about subsurface

614
00:28:23,450 --> 00:28:20,750
I can take that

615
00:28:25,010 --> 00:28:23,460
um so yeah so the um this was a big

616
00:28:27,230 --> 00:28:25,020
surprise because this is the closest to

617
00:28:28,669 --> 00:28:27,240
the equator that we've seen ice exposed

618
00:28:29,930 --> 00:28:28,679
in an impact

619
00:28:31,669 --> 00:28:29,940
um however there have been a number of

620
00:28:33,950 --> 00:28:31,679
other these all these other impacts that

621
00:28:37,370 --> 00:28:33,960
we found much smaller and closer to the

622
00:28:39,710 --> 00:28:37,380
poles that have also exposed water ice

623
00:28:41,690 --> 00:28:39,720
um before this I think the closest one

624
00:28:43,430 --> 00:28:41,700
was a few degrees north of this so it

625
00:28:44,990 --> 00:28:43,440
wasn't totally out of range of what

626
00:28:46,370 --> 00:28:45,000
might be expected but it was still very

627
00:28:47,570 --> 00:28:46,380
surprising

628
00:28:48,890 --> 00:28:47,580
um of course this crater is so much

629
00:28:51,289 --> 00:28:48,900
bigger than all the other ones we've

630
00:28:53,450 --> 00:28:51,299
seen and it excavated so much deeper

631
00:28:55,669 --> 00:28:53,460
that we're getting down deeper in the

632
00:28:56,930 --> 00:28:55,679
the shallow subsurface

633
00:28:59,149 --> 00:28:56,940
um and then your other question was

634
00:29:02,029 --> 00:28:59,159
about um oh how long the ice lasts yeah

635
00:29:04,010 --> 00:29:02,039
so we do see evidence of sublimation of

636
00:29:07,130 --> 00:29:04,020
ice that's been exposed in this way when

637
00:29:09,470 --> 00:29:07,140
we we use high rise to take images over

638
00:29:11,210 --> 00:29:09,480
and over again to monitor the sites and

639
00:29:14,330 --> 00:29:11,220
we can actually see the ice disappearing

640
00:29:15,890 --> 00:29:14,340
in most cases and it doesn't last long

641
00:29:18,950 --> 00:29:15,900
um it's not actually stable at the

642
00:29:21,350 --> 00:29:18,960
surface at these locations this this one

643
00:29:22,850 --> 00:29:21,360
again it's fairly new but we have seen

644
00:29:24,590 --> 00:29:22,860
some evidence of that happening but I

645
00:29:27,169 --> 00:29:24,600
don't think it's really been studied in

646
00:29:29,389 --> 00:29:27,179
detail yet

647
00:29:32,510 --> 00:29:29,399
anything about the radar results from

648
00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:39,649
um not to my knowledge

649
00:29:43,430 --> 00:29:41,389
thank you and we also have another

650
00:29:46,909 --> 00:29:43,440
question coming in on social media that

651
00:29:48,169 --> 00:29:46,919
is related Bart on Twitter asks how

652
00:29:55,370 --> 00:29:48,179
would you know if the ice wasn't

653
00:29:58,669 --> 00:29:56,690
um yeah that's a really good question we

654
00:30:00,470 --> 00:29:58,679
thought about that like maybe this was a

655
00:30:03,169 --> 00:30:00,480
commentary impactor that was just made

656
00:30:05,149 --> 00:30:03,179
of ice and um and what we're seeing on

657
00:30:07,850 --> 00:30:05,159
the surface is just splashed out from

658
00:30:10,850 --> 00:30:07,860
the impactor itself but um an impact of

659
00:30:12,830 --> 00:30:10,860
this size would actually destroy the

660
00:30:14,029 --> 00:30:12,840
meteorite that came in to to hit the

661
00:30:15,409 --> 00:30:14,039
surface

662
00:30:18,169 --> 00:30:15,419
um we wouldn't expect

663
00:30:20,630 --> 00:30:18,179
much if any of the original impact are

664
00:30:24,289 --> 00:30:20,640
to survive this High energetic it's

665
00:30:26,570 --> 00:30:24,299
about a it's a high energy explosion

666
00:30:28,730 --> 00:30:26,580
um so we can look at that and we can

667
00:30:32,450 --> 00:30:28,740
also look at the locations where the ice

668
00:30:33,889 --> 00:30:32,460
is found and um and that also shows us

669
00:30:35,810 --> 00:30:33,899
evidence that it's probably not from the

670
00:30:38,690 --> 00:30:35,820
impactor itself but rather was excavated

671
00:30:43,669 --> 00:30:38,700
from below the surface

672
00:30:47,090 --> 00:30:43,679
great thanks Ingrid we have one more oh

673
00:30:48,889 --> 00:30:47,100
okay we actually are out of questions

674
00:30:51,110 --> 00:30:48,899
for today so that is all the time we

675
00:30:53,269 --> 00:30:51,120
have today thank you and I'd like to

676
00:30:55,850 --> 00:30:53,279
speak all the speakers for their time

677
00:30:57,010 --> 00:30:55,860
today so to stay up to date with Insight

678
00:31:00,889 --> 00:30:57,020
visit

679
00:31:03,889 --> 00:31:00,899
mars.nasa.gov insight and follow at Nasa

680
00:31:04,970 --> 00:31:03,899
Insight on Twitter and Facebook and for

681
00:31:07,630 --> 00:31:04,980
more information on the Mars

682
00:31:10,549 --> 00:31:07,640
reconnaissance Orbiter visit

683
00:31:12,649 --> 00:31:10,559
mars.nasa.gov mro

684
00:31:21,990 --> 00:31:12,659
like to thank everyone for watching